Cellular Process Apoptosis is a distinct form of cell death that is functionally and morphologically different from necrosis. Nuclear chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic shrinking, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and membrane blebbing characterize apoptosis in general. Mitochondria remain morphologically unchanged. In 1972 Kerr et al introduced the concept of apoptosis as a distinct form of "cell-death", and the mechanisms of various apoptotic pathways are still being revealed today. Proteins on this pathway have targeted assays available via the [https://assays.cancer.gov/available_assays?wp_id=WP254 CPTAC Assay Portal] c76 cff c09 c9a 19079265 PubMed miR-29 miRNAs activate p53 by targeting p85 alpha and CDC42. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2009 Park SY Lee JH Ha M Nam JW Kim VN 17914240 PubMed The p53-MDM2 network: from oscillations to apoptosis. J Biosci 2007 Bose I Ghosh B 10618704 PubMed Regulation of p53 in response to DNA damage. Oncogene 1999 Lakin ND Jackson SP 20041405 PubMed Effects of microRNA-29 on apoptosis, tumorigenicity, and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2010 Xiong Y Fang JH Yun JP Yang J Zhang Y Jia WH Zhuang SM regulatory pathway PW:0000004 Pathway Ontology 17404574 PubMed mir-29 regulates Mcl-1 protein expression and apoptosis. Oncogene 2007 Mott JL Kobayashi S Bronk SF Gores GJ cell death pathwayPW:0000275Pathway Ontologyapoptotic cell death pathwayPW:0000009Pathway Ontology